Category: Insurance Coverage

NEW YORK POLICYHOLDERS MAY BE ON THE HOOK FOR UNINSURED PERIODS EVEN WHEN INSURANCE WAS OTHERWISE UNAVAILABLE

On By coveragelawIn Allocation, Insurance Coverage, Insurance policies, Maximizing Insurance Recoveries, New York High Court, policyholders, Tips to Securing Insurance CoverageLeave a comment

Guest Blogger:  John G. Koch, Weisbrod Matteis & Copley PLLC

 The New York Court of Appeals recently struck a blow to policyholders by relieving an insurer of its obligation to indemnify for that part of a long-term harm that occurred when applicable insurance did not exist in the marketplace. See KeySpan Gas East Corp. v. Munich Reinsurance America Inc. et al., No. APL-2016-00236. As is often the case when a loss occurs over multiple, successive policy periods, gaps in available insurance coverage may appear. Gaps in coverage may exist for a number of reasons, including insurer insolvency, lost policies, policy exclusions or occasionally a policyholder’s failure to purchase insurance. Those gaps present problems when liability for long-term harm is allocated pro rata among triggered insurance policies. In such cases, courts are usually faced with two basic options, depending on the law of the jurisdiction: A court may either shift liability for those gaps in coverage to other insurers of the risk, or it may put policyholders on the hook for the gaps. In Keyspan, New York’s highest court opted for the second option, requiring the insured to shoulder the pro rata share of all those periods in which applicable insurance did not exist in the marketplace.

Keyspan’s basic facts are all too familiar. The insured, Keyspan, is statutorily liable for cleaning up contamination that resulted from years of operations beginning in the late 1800s. Keyspan sought coverage and asserted that any pro rata allocation of cleanup costs should not include periods where insurance covering pollution did not exist in the market place (whether due to a pollution exclusion or the fact that general liability coverage was unavailable to public utilities prior to 1925, as Keyspan’s expert testified).

One of Keyspan’s insurers, a Chubb company (Century Indemnity), challenged Keyspan’s position, asserting that insurance policies it issued in the 1950s and 60s obligate it to pay only for damages attributable to occurrences during those policy periods. Chubb argued the insured should have to pay for the coverage gap due to the unavailability of insurance coverage. The New York Court of Appeals agreed, stating that, in situations where cleanup costs must be allocated pro rata, the “during the policy period” proviso in the policies was inconsistent with excluding from the allocation years where insurance was unavailable. The Court essentially reasoned that the “during the policy period” language controlled and relieved insurers from having to pay damages attributable to periods when the insurer’s policies were not in force.

There are a number of takeaways from Keyspan worth noting.

First, and perhaps most importantly, Keyspan does not address the separate and distinct duty to defend. The duty to defend is not mentioned once in the entire opinion (or in the decisions below). This should come as no surprise because the question before the Court of Appeals was who had to pay damages in the form of cleanup costs. Neither defense costs nor the duty to defend were at issue. In fact, the Court never once mentioned its longstanding, oft-cited seminal decision addressing the duty to defend in long-tail cases: Continental Casualty Co. v. Rapid-American Corp., 609 N.E.2d 506, 514 (N.Y. 1993). Accordingly, Keyspan has no impact on the New York Court of Appeals’ several decisions stating that once the duty to defend is triggered by at least one potentially covered claim, the insurer owes a duty to defend the entire claim, including non-covered allegations, without foisting part of the defense onto its insured.  See, e.g., id.; Fieldston Prop. Owners Ass’n, Inc. v. Hermitage Ins. Co., 945 N.E.2d 1013, 1018 (N.Y. 2011).

Second, the Court of Appeals took care to note that the “unavailability” issue was irrelevant in cases where pro rata allocation is inappropriate, citing to its 2016 decision in Matter of Viking Pump, Inc., 27 NY.3d 244, 255 (2016). Pursuant to Viking Pump, if an insurance policy contains a non-cumulation or prior insurance or similar clause, the “all sums” method applies to the indemnity obligation. In such instances, the policy with the non-cumulation or similar clause and the insurance tower above it must pay all damages up to policy limits, with no proration to the insured for uninsured periods.

Third, Keyspan is at odds with the federal Second Circuit Court of Appeals’ Stonewall decision and the decisions of courts in several other “pro rata” jurisdictions that have refused to shift to the policyholder gaps in coverage due to the unavailability of insurance.  Compare Keyspan, No. APL-2016-00236, with Stonewall Ins. Co. v. Asbestos Claims Mgmt. Corp., 73 F.3d 1178 (2d Cir. 1995); Owens-Illinois, Inc. v. United Ins. Co., 650 A.2d 974 (N.J. 1994). The Court defended its departure from other courts’ rulings by asserting that, in New York, the language of the policy is paramount, whereas other courts, it asserted, focused instead on the public policy of maximizing insurance coverage.

This justification illustrates the tension between touting the policy language as paramount while at the same time adopting the legal fiction that an indivisible long-term loss can be fairly allocated based on time on the risk. By way of illustration, isn’t it true that in most cases environmental damage continuing after 1986 is at least in part attributable to discharges from preceding decades? For example, a migrating contaminated groundwater plume may cause continuing damage, but that continuing damage is undoubtedly also due to the fact that the groundwater is contaminated in the first place from discharges long ago. How is it improper to ask an insurer that issued coverage while discharges were occurring to pay for a part of the damage that results from the continued presence of pollutants in periods where coverage is no longer available in the marketplace? What about the proviso that the insurance policy provides coverage for all sums the insured must pay as damages due to “continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general conditions”—i.e., the continued exposure of soil and groundwater to preexisting contamination?

For that matter, what if most of the harm at issue occurred during early operations when discharges were often unregulated, more frequent and more toxic? It may still be impossible to establish the precise quantity and quality of harm during every policy period, but generally speaking, why should insurers on the risk during those earlier years be allowed to pass off a disproportionate share of an “indivisible” liability to the insured for years when no coverage was available? Isn’t this especially odd when, often, the cause of the harm during that post-1986 period—continuing migration of groundwater contaminated by discharges from long ago—begins to attenuate in the later years? It is difficult to find justification for these incongruities in the policy language.

Fourth, one might expect the Keyspan ruling to raise a whole host of new problems in allocation cases where New York law applies. Perhaps some policyholders may be more likely to take on the fact burden of proving that a loss is divisible and can be attributed to certain policy periods on a principled basis—certainly not something that will promote judicial efficiency or economy. At the very least, policyholders will be sure to assert, rightly so, that the coverage block for purposes of allocation should end as soon as the potential liability for environmental harm became known, if not earlier. Indeed, how can an allocation fairly be accomplished with an open-ended coverage block? Will coverage end when a slurry wall is installed? When regulatory standards are met and there is no longer a legal obligation to remediate? When a remedial investigation/feasibility study is complete and estimated cleanup costs are more or less known? When “additional” or “new” damage is de minimis?

None of these latter end-dates makes sense, especially in the context of a pro rata allocation that rests on the legal fiction that an equal amount of harm resulted from every occurrence in every policy period from inception to the present. Needless to say, these issues may make pro rata allocation in New York more difficult, not less, and will likely require more guidance from New York courts. It’ll be interesting.

For more information on insurance coverage law, including news, updates and links to important information in the industry and how it may affect your business, follow my blog, or twitter handle: @CoverageLawAtty.

 

FEMA’s (Under)Adjustment Of Flood Insurance Claims: Lessons Learned From Sandy

On By coveragelawIn Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act, FEMA, Flood Insurance, Homeowner Policy, Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Irma, Hurricane Katrina, Insurance Coverage, Insurance policies, Maximizing Insurance Recoveries, National Flood Insurance Program, UncategorizedLeave a comment

Blogger:  Lee M. Epstein

Many business owners and most homeowners purchase flood insurance  through the National Flood Insurance Program (“NFIP”). Unfortunately, most homeowners affected by Hurricane’s Harvey and Irma and the associated flooding won’t have insurance. For example, only 17% of those suffering flood damage from Harvey were insured. The numbers in Florida are better but nevertheless well-under 50% of those suffering a flood loss will be insured.

Even those with flood insurance may still be up the proverbial creek without a paddle. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”), the agency that manages the NFIP, publishes statistics that reveal systematic underpayments of flood insurance claims.

According to FEMA, in the aftermath of Superstorm Sandy, nearly 144,000 policyholders filed flood insurance claims. When numerous problems, including fraud, were uncovered in connection with the adjustment of those claims, FEMA offered those policyholders an opportunity to have their claims re-reviewed. Over 19,000 Sandy claimants took advantage of that opportunity. To date, FEMA has closed 16,744 of those claims. Approximately 83.7% of those closed claims have resulted in additional payments totaling $227,060,819, or approximately $14,000 for each underpaid Sandy claimant. Thus, FEMA openly acknowledges that it vastly underpaid policyholders. Based on that large sample, if every one of the 144,000 Sandy claimants had sought a re-review, the underpayments would have exceeded $2,000,000,000. That is extraordinary.

But there is more. If a Sandy claimant was not satisfied with the FEMA re-review, they were entitled to a Third-Party Neutral Review by, for example, a retired judge. Approximately 2,277 Sandy claimants have requested a Third-Party Neutral Review. To date, 1,087 Third-Party Neutral Reviews have been completed. Total additional payments of $19,668,316 have been made based on those Third-Party Neutral Reviews or approximately $18,000 per claim. Thus, those Sandy claimants who pursued both a re-review and a Third-Party Neutral Review of their claim received, on average, an additional $32,000 over the amount FEMA originally offered to pay on their claim.

And there is still more. Sandy claimants that pursued Third-Party Neutral Reviews with the assistance of competent legal counsel and other professionals fared even better.

Those currently suffering flood losses throughout the country can learn several valuable lessons from the experience after Sandy.

First, flood insurance policyholders should anticipate and be prepared for FEMA to initially undervalue their claim.

Second, flood insurance policyholders should not hesitate in asking FEMA to reevaluate its initial of adjustment of flood insurance claims.

Third, in order to enhance the recovery on any flood insurance claim, policyholders should seek the advice and counsel of competent professionals.

Fourth and, perhaps, most importantly, don’t give up and don’t give in.

For more information, please contact Lee Epstein, Chair of the Insurance Counseling and Recovery Department at Flaster Greenberg PC. 

PROPERTY LOSS AND BUSINESS INTERRUPTION CHECKLIST FOR COMMERCIAL INSUREDS

On By coveragelawIn Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act, Business Interruption, Checklist, FEMA, Flood Insurance, Forensic Accountants, Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act, Homeowner Policy, Hurricane Harvey, Hurricane Katrina, Insurance Coverage, Insurance policies, Maximizing Insurance Recoveries, National Flood Insurance Program, UncategorizedLeave a comment

Blogger:  Lee M. Epstein

Beyond the personal toll extracted by Hurricanes Harvey and Irma, the property and business losses are projected to be among the greatest caused by a natural disaster. As the recovery efforts continue in earnest, the following Checklist is offered to assist those who have suffered a loss and are planning to submit an insurance claim for any property loss and business interruption suffered.

□    Restore service to any property protection systems that have been damaged, such as
     sprinklers and alarms

       □    If property protection cannot be restored, post a watch

□    Notify all insurance companies whose policies may be implicated

       □   Consider whether notice should be given to excess insurance companies or to
           insurance companies whose policies have expired

□    Prepare a preliminary report describing:

      □    The type of loss

      □    The date and time of the loss

      □    The location of the loss

      □    A contact person at the company

      □    The property involved, including: buildings, equipment and stock

□    Determine if:

      □    The property is protected from further damage

      □    Any buildings require temporary enclosures

      □    Any utility lines have been damaged and require repairs

□    Identify and separate damaged and undamaged property

□    Commence salvage operations

□    Determine whether:

      □    Production can be restored at the damaged facilities

      □    Damaged equipment can be repaired

      □    Substitute facilities and equipment are available and necessary

      □    Lost production can be made up through inventory, overtime, or other
           suppliers

□    Formulate a plan with the insurance company’s input for making repairs, 
     securing substitute facilities and equipment and undertaking other loss
     mitigation efforts

□    Set up accounting procedures to track:

      □    Property Damage

            □    Create separate accounts for all loss-related expenses

            □    Implement procedures for collecting and maintaining all loss-related
                 documentation  in accordance with insurance policy terms, including
                 invoices, contracts and manpower hours

            □    Inventory damaged and undamaged goods

      □    Business Interruption

            □    Determine the “period of interruption”

            □    Determine the quantity of lost production as reflected in inventory 
                 records, production records and sales records. Compute what the business
                 would have normally produced, had there been no loss, then see how many                    
                 units were actually produced.  The difference is the gross lost production.
                
            □    Deduct any sales or production that can be continued or made up through
                 the use of existing inventory, the utilization of other plants, the utilization
                 of overtime hours or other loss mitigation efforts.  The difference is the
                 net lost production.

            □    Multiply the net lost production by the marginal value of a single
                 production unit.

            □    Add back the extra costs associated with replenishing inventory and loss
                 mitigation efforts.

□    Prepare and submit claim

      □    Summarize

            □    Date, location and type of loss

            □    Amount claimed

      □    Break down the amount claimed

            □    Property damage

                  □    Real property

                  □    Equipment

                  □    Stock and supplies

                  □    Demolition and debris removal

      □    Business Interruption

            □    Interruption Period

            □    Sales value of lost production

            □    Expenses incurred to reduce the loss

□    Attach supporting documentation for each element of the property damage and
     business interruption

□    Press for written extensions of time to submit claim and to file suit if necessary

□    Seek prompt payment of claim by insurance company

□    If a dispute over a claim arises, determine

      □    Whether appraisal is appropriate or beneficial

      □    Whether litigation will expedite payment of claim

For more information, please contact Lee Epstein, Chair of the Insurance Counseling and Recovery Department at Flaster Greenberg PC. 

Unanimous Supreme Court Upholds Katrina Fraud Verdict In Favor Of Clients

On By coveragelawIn Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act, False Claims Act, FEMA, Flood Insurance, Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act, Homeowner Policy, Hurricane Katrina, Insurance Coverage, Insurance policies, Insurers, National Flood Insurance Program, United States Supreme CourtLeave a comment

In a unaniimagesmous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a jury’s verdict that State Farm committed fraud in the adjustment of insurance claims arising out of Hurricane Katrina. A copy of the Court’s decision can be accessed at https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-513_43j7.pdf. The case involving Weisbrod Matteis & Copley clients, Cori and Kerri Rigsby, represents an important victory for both whistleblowers and insurance policyholders.

The Rigsbys sued State Farm under the False Claims Act (“FCA”), which permits individuals to sue on behalf of the federal government. The Rigsbys were former claim adjusters employed by a contractor retained by State Farm to adjust insurance claims in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. They alleged, and eventually proved at trial in a bellweather case, that State Farm fraudulently represented to the government that Katrina-related damage to the exemplar home was caused by flood rather than wind. State Farm sold both federal government-backed flood insurance policies and general homeowners policies. By misclassifying wind damage as flood damage, State Farm was able to shift liability to the federal government and away from State Farm.

State Farm sought to dismiss the case on a procedural technicality by arguing that one of the Rigsbys’ former lawyers had prematurely leaked the lawsuit in violation of the FCA’s “seal” requirements. Pursuant to those “seal” requirements, lawsuits brought under the FCA must be filed under seal for a minimum of sixty days. State Farm argued that the seal was broken when the Rigsbys’ former lawyer disclosed the lawsuit to the news media and others.

In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court rejected State Farm’s contention that the seal violation required dismissal of the Rigsbys’ lawsuit. The Court recognized that the seal requirement is intended to benefit the government because it prevents those suspected of fraud from being tipped off. As a result, the Court concluded that “it would make little sense to adopt a rigid interpretation of the seal provision that prejudices the government by depriving it of needed assistance from private parties.”

With the Supreme Court’s affirmance, State Farm must now satisfy the jury’s verdict of $758,000, which represents the damages for a single home, as well as an order to pay attorneys’ fees. The Rigsbys are now ready to move forward and prove the scope of State Farm’s fraud already proven fraud, which could involve thousands of homes and billions of dollars. Indeed, the State of Mississippi contends that State Farm also improperly shifted its Hurricane Katrina losses onto Mississippi’s Homeowner Assistance Program, which was set up to pay thousands of policyholders for losses that were not covered by insurance.

For more information, please contact Lee Epstein, Chair of the Insurance Counseling and Recovery Department at Flaster Greenberg PC. 

START SPREADIN’ THE NEWS…NEW YORK’S HIGHEST COURT SAYS PRO RATA ALLOCATION IS LEAVING TODAY

On By coveragelawIn Allocation, Guest Blog Posts, Guest Bloggers, Insurance Coverage, Insurance policies, Insurers, Maximizing Insurance Recoveries, New York High Court, policyholders, UncategorizedLeave a comment

new_york_1

Guest Blogger: John G. Koch, Shareholder, Flaster Greenberg PC

In a much anticipated decision, New York’s highest court handed policyholders a significant victory in In re Viking Pump, Inc. & Warren Pumps, LLC, Insurance Appeals, No. 59 (N.Y. May 3, 2016).  In the context of long-tail bodily injuries or property damage spanning multiple policy periods, the Court declared that policy language is the King of New York and trumps all else when determining whether the “all sums” or “pro rata” allocation approach applies to a liability insurer’s indemnity obligation.  Specifically, the Court held that the “all sums” approach applies to an insurer’s indemnity obligation where the policy contains language inconsistent with a pro rata approach. In this case, the Court reasoned that a “non-cumulation” or “anti-stacking” clause is inconsistent with allocating an insurer’s liability on a pro rata basis.  Although Viking Pump dealt only with the duty to indemnify, its ruling applies to the broader duty to defend and bolsters existing case law recognizing that the duty to defend language in most general liability policies cannot be reconciled with a pro rata allocation approach.

To put the Viking Pump decision in context, insurers usually prefer a pro rata approach, meaning they can only be liable for their share of a loss based on the time period their policies were in force compared to the overall period that the long term injury or property damage occurred.  This rests on the legal fiction that a single indivisible loss taking place over many years can be treated as one occurrence in each successive policy period, which is an expedient method for dividing the indivisible loss among multiple successive policies based upon each policy’s time on the risk, as opposed to the extent of actual injury or damage that took place during any specific period.  Id.  As the Court stated, the foundation of this approach is that no insurer will have to pay for any injury or damage that occurs outside of its policy period.  Viking Pump, slip op. at 11-12.

Insurers usually prefer the pro rata approach because their risk is typically reduced and the risk of lost policies, insurer insolvencies or other gaps in coverage may fall upon the policyholder.  In contrast, under the “all sums” approach, each successive insurance policy triggered by a long term injury or damage is, essentially, jointly and severally liable for the entire loss up until the policy’s limits are exhausted.  Under this approach, the insured may target one or many insurers for the entire loss, leaving it to the insurers to seek contribution from one another.

Prior to Viking Pump, insurers often brandished Consolidated Edison Co. of New York v. Allstate Insurance Co., 98 N.Y.2d 208 (2002), to assert that New York is a “pro rata” state.  But in Viking Pump, the Court of Appeals distinguished and limited the reach of Consolidated Edison by pointing out that it never formed a blanket rule for pro rata allocation and that the policies in Consolidated Edison did not contain non-cumulation or similar clauses.  Viking Pump, slip op. at 11-12.

The Viking Pump Court held that non-cumulation clauses are antithetical to the concept of a pro rata allocation.  Non-cumulation clauses essentially provide that where a single loss triggers successive policies, any amount paid by a prior policy will reduce the limits of the policy containing the non-cumulation clause.  The original purpose of the clause was to prevent policyholders from double dipping when the industry made the switch from accident based policies to occurrence based policies.  Non-cumulation clauses are inconsistent with a pro rata allocation because they “plainly contemplate that multiple successive insurance policies can indemnify the insured for the same loss or occurrence,” whereas the entire premise underlying pro rata allocation is that an insurer cannot be liable for the same loss to the extent the loss occurs in another insurer’s policy period – hence the legal fiction that a separate occurrence takes place in each successive policy period.  Id. at 18 (emphasis added).  The two provisions are logically inconsistent.  Thus, adopting the pro rata approach would render the non-cumulation clause superfluous in violation of New York’s principles of policy interpretation. For this reason, the Court determined that the “all sums” approach applies to policies containing a non-cumulation clause.

In addition to the pro rata versus all sums allocation issue, the Court determined that the proper method for allocating between primary and excess layers of insurance under the “all sums” method is vertical exhaustion – meaning that a single primary policy may be required to respond to the long term loss up to its policy limits, at which time the excess coverage above that policy is pierced on an all sums basis.  The Court rejected the argument that horizontal exhaustion should apply, where all primary coverage would have to be exhausted before any excess coverage must respond to a loss, noting that the excess coverage was tied to the exhaustion of only the underlying policy, not prior or subsequent policies.  Thus, the Court ruled that vertical exhaustion is the appropriate method.

Although Viking Pump specifically addressed the effect of non-cumulation clauses, it undoubtedly stands for the propositions that: (1) no blanket rule controls how an  insurer’s indemnity obligation must be allocated, and (2), where language or a clause in an insurance policy is inconsistent with the pro rata approach, pro rata allocation does not apply.

The latter point is especially important when considering the issue of whether the duty to defend is subject to pro rata allocation.  Most general liability policies provide that the insurer has a duty to defend “any suit” in which at least one potentially covered claim is alleged.  New York courts have interpreted this language as requiring the defense of the entire lawsuit so long as at least one claim is at least in part potentially covered.  A pro rata allocation is inconsistent with the language obligating insurers to “defend” “any suit” if at least one potentially covered claim is alleged.  Thus, the reasoning in Viking Pump suggests that the “all sums” approach is the appropriate method respecting the duty to defend and is consistent with the duty to defend language found in most liability policies.

To learn more, contact John. 

 

Caveat Emptor in the Brave New World of Cyber Insurance Coverage

On By coveragelawIn Caveat Emmptor, Cybersecurity, data breach, Guest Bloggers, Insurance Coverage, Insurance policies, Insurers, IT, Maximizing Insurance Recoveries, policyholders, UncategorizedLeave a comment

databreach

Guest Blogger:  Martin Bienstock, Weisbrod Matteis & Copley PLLC

There are two types of entities in the world, goes the adage: those who have learned that their data was breached; and those who just don’t know it yet.  The cost of these data breaches is no laughing matter, however; according to a recent study sponsored by IBM, the average data breach costs a company more than $200 for each record lost.[1]  (In the health-care sector, the cost are even greater, approaching $400 per-record lost record.[2])  The more records that are lost, the greater the per-record expense, so that a large data breach may give rise to exorbitant costs.[3]

Thoughtful executives can mitigate these costs through effective utilization of insurance coverage.  Insurance companies aggressively are marketing new cyber-insurance policies that provide first-party and third-party coverage in the event of a data breach.  Often, the new policies are accompanied by an exclusion in the entity’s Commercial General Liability Policy for losses arising from a data breach.

Entities entering the market for cyber coverage therefore must be vigilant to ensure that, at the end of the day, their efforts not yield less coverage than previously had been available.

Cyber Insurance Policies Are Often Conditioned Upon Maintaining a Particular Level of IT Security.

The new cyber policies typically require an applicant to complete a comprehensive assessment of its cyber security measures, affirming, for example, that it has in place “up-to-date, active firewall technology,” and “updated anti-virus software active on all computers and networks.”[4]   Coverage may be conditioned on the accuracy of these representations.[5]   In the event of a breach, if it turns out that the IT security information represented in the application form was inaccurate, coverage might not be available.

Thus, in one recent case,[6] an insurer sought to deny coverage because, among other things, the insured health-care provider had not maintained the level of IT security described in its application.  The insurer argued that the policy therefore was void.[7]  Under cyber-liability policies, then, an insured might be excluded from coverage in the event that it was negligent in implementing cyber-security measures – hardly the result that the insured had in mind when it purchased the policy.

Traditional CGL Policies Offer Some Protection for Data Breaches Even When the Insured Failed to Maintain Adequate IT Security.

When a data breach arises from an entity’s failure to maintain security, third-party coverage likely would be available under a standard Commercial General Liability Policy.  The standard CGL Policy provides coverage for “advertising injury.”  It defines such advertising injury to include injury caused by “oral or written publication, including publication by electronic means,” which “disclosed information about a person’s private life.”

This definition of “advertising injury” is ill-suited for costs arising from a data breach since it depends upon “publication.”  In the event of a data breach, many of the costs are unrelated to the actual publication of private data; the costs arise from the mere possibility of publication, not its actuality.  Conditioning data-breach coverage upon an irrelevant “publication” standard makes little sense.

Two recent cases highlight the limitation of relying on the “publication” standard to provide protection against data-breach claims.  In one case, electronic data concerning 50,000 employees fell out of a transport van and never was recovered.  The Connecticut Supreme Court held that the data had not been “published,” since there no factual support for the conclusion that the data, which was not in a readily usable format, ever was accessed by anyone.[8]  In contrast, in another recent case, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed a district court decision that damages resulting from a data-breach did constitute “advertising injury” because the information had been made available on the internet, and therefore was “published.”[9]

Cyber-data and Cyber-security policies can be better designed than the CGL “advertising injury” coverage, so that coverage is not dependent on publication.  But as some insureds have learned to their dismay, cyber-liability policies may be drafted to shift the costs of negligence back to the insured, and to make coverage unavailable for the very data breaches for which the insured purchased the insurance in the first place.

Caveat Emptor

Cyber-risk insurance therefore may serve a useful purpose by providing coverage that is targeted specifically towards data breaches, and that covers damages that go beyond the scope of the traditional CGL Policy. Buyers must beware however that the extra financial and administrative burden they assume in buying such policies not leave them worse-off than before.

For more information, please contact Marty at mbienstock@wmclaw.com or 202.751.2002.

 

[1] IBM 2015 Cost of Data Breach Study United States, conducted by Ponemon Institute LLC (May 2015) at 1.

[2] Id. at 7.

[3] Id. at 7.

[4] A sample cyber-risk policy issued by Travelers Group and containing these representations (last accessed on the date of publication) is available here .

[5] Id., Cyber-Risk Policy at III.M. (p. 22).

[6] Columbia Cas. Co. v. Cottage Health Sys., 15-cv-3432 (2015 C.D. Cal.).

[7] Id., Dkt No. 22.

[8] Recall Total Info. Mgmt., Inc. v. Fed. Ins., 317 Conn. 46, 115 A.3d 458 (2015).  The Connecticut Supreme Court adopted the reasoning of the appellate court in Recall Total Information Management, Inc. v. Federal Ins. Co., 147 Conn.App. 450, 465, 83 A.3d 664 (2014).

[9] Travelers Indem. Co. of Am. v. Portal Healthcare Sols., L.L.C No. 14-1944, 2016 WL 1399517, at *2 (4th Cir. Apr. 11, 2016).

“UBER” Liabilities: Legislatures Respond To Emerging RideShare Liabilities With New Insurance Laws

On By coveragelawIn Guest Blog Posts, Guest Bloggers, Insurance CoverageLeave a comment

Guest Blogger, Annie Kernicky, Esq.

The growing popularity of rideshare services like Uber and Lyft is resulting in new and emerging liabilities. Just last week in Michigan, for example, an Uber driver, in between shooting six people, allegedly picked up passengers for Uber. Passengers flock to rideshares for their touch-and-go convenience and low cost, and courts and legislatures are trying to keep up.

Situations such as the Michigan shooting will not only spur an increase rise in litigation connected to rideshare services (see previous blog post), but are also prompting new laws across the county to ensure that minimum insurance and adequate coverage exist during, and even before, a passenger’s trip in a rideshare vehicle.uBER 3

California, for example, recently enacted a new law designed to clarify what insurance coverage is required during the various phases that a rideshare driver goes through during a day of driving – i.e. Period 1, the time when the Uber app is on, but the driver hasn’t yet been matched to a driver; and Periods 2 and 3, which includes when the driver is matched with a rider, when the driver picks up the rider, and the entire drive until the rider is dropped off at the destination.

Like others of its kind across the country, the new California law sets insurance coverage requirements for all Transportation Network (TNCs) and driver partners while they are logged into the Uber platform and waiting for a trip request, i.e. Period 1.  The law requires either the TNC, Uber’s affiliate Rasier-CA LLC, or the rideshare driver partner to maintain primary third-party liability insurance that provides coverage in the amounts of $50,000 per individual with a total of $100,000 per accident along with up to $30,000 for property damage during Period 1.  Prior to the law, California’s minimum insurance requirement was $15,000. The new law also means that standard and optional coverages a driver may have purchased on their own personal auto policy no longer apply while the driver is logged into the app (in California only).

Outside of California, other states are enacting similar insurance-related laws, especially during Period 1 when other insurance may not be applicable because a passenger has not yet been picked up. At the beginning of February, in Florida, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted in favor of the law, which would set minimum insurance coverage requirements for when drivers are using their personal vehicles and are logged into the companies’ apps, but not in the act of transporting a paying passenger.  Among others, the Florida bill would require a TNC driver or company to maintain primary automobile insurance issued by specified insurers with certain coverages in specified amounts during the different periods, and also require a TNC driver to carry proof of insurance coverage at all times during the use of a personal vehicle for rideshare services.

Certainly the trend is to require rideshare drivers (or companies) to have higher insurance minimums when a driver has the company app on, even with no passengers in the vehicle.  These measures not only help protect public safety, but also ensure that there is adequate coverage and responsibility if an accident or potential liability does occur while a driver is using a rideshare app.

For more information, please contact Lee Epstein, Chair of the Insurance Counseling and Recovery Department at Flaster Greenberg PC. 

Thinking Outside The Car: UBER Gets Creative With Its Insurance

On By coveragelawIn Insurance Coverage, Insurance policiesLeave a comment

Guest Blogger: Annie Kernicky, Esq.,

New and emerging technologies are leading to new and emerging insurance products. Policyholders must remain vigilant in both securing that coverage and in pursuing claims under that coverage. A recently filed case involving the technology fueled, rideshare service, Uber, drives this point home.

As more and more consumers are learning, Uber and other rideshare services like Lyft work as follows: A customer seeking a ride activates an app and sees real-time locations of nearby rideshare vehicles. After a user clicks to request a pick-up, drivers are alerted of the potential fare by visual display on their smartphone, which they must respond to. The app also allows both the driver and passenger to text and/or call each other.

As reflected in a recently filed insurance coverage action involving Uber, insured smartphone-based app rideshare services are seeking coverage in creative ways.  In that case, Evanston Insurance Company seeks a declaration that it is not required to cover Uber’s settlement with the family of a 6-year-old girl killed in a collision with an alleged Uber driver who was allegedly using the Uber app, but had not yet picked up passengers. In its complaint, Evanston argues that its excess policy covers only technology, and the underlying suit concerns an automobile accident.  Instead of seeking coverage under its Business Auto policy or perhaps in addition thereto, Uber is pursuing a claim against Evanston under a liability insurance policy designed to cover Uber’s technology operations.   Evanston contends that its insurance policy excludes taxi operations and covers only Uber’s technology aspects and operations.  Although Uber has not yet responded to Evanston’s complaint, it appears that Uber is contending that the Underlying claim arose out of its “technology operations” because the underlying injury occurred while the driver was using the Uber app, and not while the driver had passengers.

Even though the underlying claim appeared to involve an automobile liability, further consideration reveals that a new technology may be the real culprit. This case provides a prime example of an insured creatively pursuing coverage under an insurance policy that at first blush might not apply. It serves as a healthy reminder for all policyholders that successfully securing coverage sometimes requires looking for coverage in both the usual and not so usual places.

Horrible Insurers: PA Judge Sends Message To Bad Faith Insurer

On By coveragelawIn Insurance Coverage, LitigationLeave a comment

Cropped shot of a businessman crossing his fingers behind his back

In a scathing opinion, a Pennsylvania trial court judge urged an appellate court to uphold an award of $18 million in punitive damages and $3 million in attorneys fees against Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company. See Berg v. Nationwide Insurance Company, Civ. Action No. 98-813 (Pa. Common Pleas, Berks, Cty.). The award stemmed from Nationwide’s “scorched earth” litigation policy and bad faith conduct directed towards one of its policyholders.

The case involved a claim under an automobile insurance policy. After the insured’s car was damaged, a claim for coverage was made. Although Nationwide’s independent appraiser determined that the car was totaled, Nationwide overrode that decision and sought to repair the car. Nationwide then spent in excess of $3 million on lawyers to fight the claim.

The words of Judge Jeffrey K. Sprecher of the Berks County Court of Common Pleas cannot be improved upon and I will not try. Instead, I will simply let Judge Sprecher’s words speak for themselves.

Year after year, [the insureds] trustingly paid the premiums for insurance coverage for defendant’s provision of representation and payment of any liability if ever needed. Premiums are paid, regardless of whether or not Nationwide ever has to incur any claims and regardless of whether its expense is one hundred dollars or one hundred thousand dollars. [The insureds], as with other policyholders, pay for this peace of mind.

*           *           *           *

Was there a failure to make a timely offer of settlement? There most certainly was. [Nationwide] tries to divert the blame for this unprecedented endless and protracted litigation to plaintiffs. Of course, the only one who could settle this case was Nationwide if it had made a legitimate offer. Instead it sent a scorched earth message to litigants and the plaintiffs bar that they cannot fight Goliath, especially in small claims cases because their lives will be made miserable. Nationwide will dig in its heels and fight all the way to the end.

*          *          *          *

[Nationwide] clearly followed a litigation strategy designed to “starve out” and wear down plaintiffs and their counsel. Nationwide’s message: the wealthy and powerful corporation could wait 20 years or until the end of time, while plaintiffs’ counsel tires of waiting for compensation from his clients to pay his legal fees and expenses or if plaintiffs are able to pay their legal fees, Nationwide could wait until the end of time for plaintiffs to grow weary of spending hundreds of thousands of dollars to compete with defendant’s billions.

*          *          *          *

[Nationwide] has done everything it possibly could to stonewall the claims processing disposition for its insured. It failed, dismally, to treat the [the insureds] fairly to properly remediate the claim. It looked to its own economic considerations and has sought to limit its potential liability and operated in a fashion designed to send a message.

To the extent Nationwide “operated in a fashion designed to send a message,” Judge Sprecher reciprocated. Insurers who act in bad faith in Pennsylvania will pay a heavy price.

Insuring Success: The Transfer of Insurance Assets in Corporate Mergers and Acquisitions

On By coveragelawIn Corporate M&A, Insurance Coverage, Insurance policies, Insurers, Transfer of Insurance Assets, TransfersLeave a comment

Corporate America is in a constant state of flux. Mergers, acquisitions and spin-offs continue unabated. As a consequence, virtually every major insurance coverage case involves an examination of the corporate policyholder’s history and its rights to insurance for liabilities caused by predecessors and after-acquired entities.

While great care is devoted to documenting and perfecting these sophisticated corporate transactions, all too often, not enough attention is paid to the transfer of insurance assets.  For example, to the extent that insurance assets are addressed, transferring documents often deal only with the disposition of currently in force insurance policies and are silent with respect historic insurance policies.  As we now know, however, long tail liabilities arising out of asbestos, environmental and other exposures often trigger coverage under insurance policies dating back decades.

Equally troublesome is the virtually universal inclusion of so-called “anti-assignment” clauses in insurance policies that purport to require the insurer’s consent before rights under an insurance policy are transferred.  A typical “anti-assignment” clause provides as follows: “Assignment of the interest under this policy shall not bind the company until its consent is endorsed thereon.”  Insurers argue that these clauses are designed to prevent policyholders from saddling insurers with risks they never anticipated nor underwrote.

Courts throughout the country have been grappling with these and other issues.  Although holdings vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, some general legal principles have emerged:

  • After a merger, the insurance assets of the predecessor entity typically transfer, along with any liabilities, to the successor entity.
  • The transfer of insurance assets pursuant to other corporate transactions, such as asset purchase agreements, is largely dependent on the wording of the agreement.
  • “Anti-assignment” clauses typically do not bar the transfer of insurance assets and rights after a merger or for losses that occur before the transfer.
  • A successor entity is generally not entitled to insurance coverage under its own insurance policies for liabilities of after-acquired subsidiaries that are based on events that occurred prior to the transfer.

All of this suggests that great care should be devoted to the treatment of insurance assets in any corporate transaction.

Questions? Contact Lee Epstein at Weisbrod Matteis & Copley PLLC.